Tonnes of radioactive water was discovered to have leaked into the ground from the Fukushima nuclear plant, Japan's nuclear watchdog said on Tuesday. About 15 tonnes of water with a low level of radiation leaked from a storage tank at the plant, on the Pacific coast 240 km (150 miles) north of Tokyo, the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said. Plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co said it was still investigating the cause of the leak, which was repaired
after being discovered around noon on Tuesday. Vast amounts of water contaminated with varying levels of radiation have accumulated in storage tanks at the plant after being used by the utility to cool reactors damaged when their original cooling systems were knocked out by the March 11 earthquake and tsunami. Tepco is trying to use a decontamination system that cleans radioactive water so it can be recycled to cool the reactors, but has encountered technical glitches.
Tokyo Electric Power Co. played down concern a solution to its nuclear crisis may be delayed, one day after finding more radiation than expected must be removed from millions of gallons of water before work can proceed on a shutdown. Decontamination efforts at the Fukushima Dai-ichi plant were halted yesterday after a filter expected to remove the radioactive element cesium for several weeks exceeded capacity in just five hours. Oil and sludge in the water contained more radiation than expected,
said Junichi Matsumoto, a spokesman for the utility. “The entire cooling process has been suspended because of the shutdown of the water decontamination system,” Matsumoto said at a media briefing in Tokyo today. “We’re still looking for a solution, but this won’t delay step one of the road map, in which we try to achieve stable cooling status by mid-July.” Decontamination of about 105 million liters (28 million gallons) of water in basements and trenches at Fukushima Dai- Ichi was halted after the level of cesium in a filtering unit reached 4.7 millisieverts of radiation, Matsumoto said yesterday. The units generally need replacement at a level of 4 millisieverts, and the company had expected the unit to last about a month, he said.
‘Simple System’
“Tepco should have had a very simple water decontamination system of its own,” said Tadashi Narabayashi, a nuclear engineering professor at Hokkaido University. “Then, it’s easy to fix or replace a troubled part by themselves.” The utility, known as Tepco, on April 17 outlined plans to end within six to nine months the world’s worst nuclear crisis since Chernobyl in 1986. The first stage is to reduce radiation levels at the plant within three months and then achieve a so- called cold shutdown where reactor temperatures fall below 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Tepco said today it will vent pressure from the No.2 reactor building to aid cooling and keep on schedule the first phase of progress. There will be “limited impact” on the environment from this, Matsumoto said. The Fukushima plant suffered three reactor meltdowns after the March 11 earthquake and tsunami knocked out power and backup generators, crippling its cooling systems. Japan in April raised the severity rating of the crisis to 7, the highest on an international scale and the same as the Chernobyl disaster. Tepco has been criticized for its slow response to the accident and for publishing erroneous radiation data, while the government-run Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency has been blamed for not ensuring the utility heeded warnings that a tsunami could overwhelm the plant’s defenses.
What Went Wrong
The utility is now the subject of study by Yotaro Hatamura, appointed by Prime Minister Naoto Kan last month to head a 10- member team conducting an “impartial and multifaceted” investigation into what went wrong and how to prevent a repeat. Hatamura told reporters in Tokyo last week that plant manager Masao Yoshida, said he couldn’t imagine such a huge tsunami. “From our discussions, I gathered that no one at the plant could imagine that such a tsunami would occur,” Hatamura said.
Compensation
While it struggles to shut down the reactors Tepco is also preparing to compensate victims of the disaster, including 50,000 households displaced because of radiation leaks. Japan’s Cabinet on June 14 approved a disaster compensation bill to help the utility pay reparations. The nation’s largest banks and insurers, including Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group Inc. and Dai-ichi Life Insurance Co., will provide short-term operating funds to Tokyo Electric, according to local media reports. Japan’s government is discussing plans for a fund of several hundred billion yen to finance reconstruction and support families and companies in the disaster-hit prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi and Iwate, the Nikkei newspaper reported today. Fukushima Governor Yuhei Sato reiterated his opposition to restarting Tepco’s nuclear reactors in the prefecture, the Asahi newspaper reported today. Sato said he will respect and adhere to the denuclearization outline of a prefectural committee on reconstruction, the newspaper reported. Municipal authorities in Fukushima City have expanded radiation monitoring to 1,045 spots, from 100 observed earlier, the Yomiuri newspaper reported yesterday.
Supply ‘Gap’
Trade Minister Banri Kaieda yesterday said he may let utilities restart nuclear generators that had been shut for routine maintenance. There are negatives to suspending all nuclear power, Kaieda said at a press briefing in Tokyo, citing an expected “gap” in power supply and demand in Japan’s coming summer months. Hatamura indicated his team will probe whether an earthquake-prone country such as Japan should build its energy policy around nuclear plants. Because of the inherent dangers, it’s a mistake to treat the industry as safe, he said.
The president of the embattled utility that owns the crippled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant has been hospitalized due to "fatigue and stress," the company said Wednesday.
Tokyo Electric Power Co. President Masataka Shimizu was hospitalized Tuesday. The company has not released further details about his condition.
Shimizu made a public apology several days after a March 11 earthquake and tsunami knocked out cooling systems at the plant. The last time he was spotted in public was at a March 13 news conference.
Reporters peppered company officials with questions about the president's whereabouts Sunday. A spokesman said Shimizu had been staying inside the company's Tokyo headquarters.
His physical condition had been on the decline from overwork, the spokesman said Sunday.
News of Shimizu's hospitalization comes a day after an inspector for Japan's nuclear safety agency described austere working conditions at the plant.
Workers were sleeping in conference rooms, corridors, and stairwells on leaded mats intended to keep radiation at bay, safety inspector Kazuma Yokota said.
They were also eating only two meals each day -- a carefully rationed breakfast of 30 crackers and vegetable juice, and for dinner, a ready-to-eat meal or something out of a can.
"My parents were washed away by the tsunami, and I still don't know where they are," one worker wrote in an e-mail that was verified as authentic by a spokesman for the Tokyo Electric Power Co.
"Crying is useless," said another e-mail. "If we're in hell now, all we can do is crawl up towards heaven."
In a statement released March 18, Shimizu said the company was taking the crisis seriously.
"We sincerely apologize to all the people living in the surrounding area of the power station and people in Fukushima Prefecture, as well as to the people of society for causing such great concern and nuisance," he said.
Meanwhile, tests revealed radioactive iodine at more than 3,000 times the normal level in ocean water near the plant -- a new high, Japan's nuclear safety agency said Wednesday.
The Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency said monitoring data collected Tuesday afternoon detected the I-131 isotope at 3,355 times the normal level.
The sample was taken 330 meters (1,080 feet) away from one of the plant's water discharge points, the agency said.
Radiation readings from seawater outside the plant have fluctuated. They spiked Sunday, then dropped a day later.
Officials did not pinpoint a particular cause for the higher readings.
But officials and experts have noted that workers at the plant face a difficult balancing act as they struggle to keep reactors cool and prevent radioactive water from leaking into the ocean.
Water has been a key weapon in the battle to stave off a meltdown at the facility. Workers have pumped and sprayed tons of water to keep the plant's radioactive fuel from overheating, and the plant is running out of room to store the now-contaminated liquid.
"They have a problem where the more they try to cool it down, the greater the radiation hazard as that water leaks out from the plant," said Jim Walsh, an international security expert at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Workers at Japan's troubled Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex continued Sunday to struggle to contain highly radioactive water that is hampering work to restore vital systems, as they also tried to prevent further spreading of radioactive materials to surrounding areas.
But it was unclear late Sunday night just how severe the problem really was. Earlier in the day, workers were evacuated from one of the reactors when the company running the plant announced that radiation had been detected at an eye-popping 10 million times normal levels. But later Sunday evening, a spokesman for the plant's operator—Tokyo Electric Power Co., or Tepco—said the utility company was "re-analyzing the figure after it was pointed out internally and also by the Nuclear Safety Commission that it might be calculated incorrectly."
The spokesman, Hiro Hasegawa, said a new figure would be issued sometime after midnight Japan time.
"The Tepco numbers were a bit odd or strange," Hidehiko Nishiyama, a senior official at Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, or NISA, told reporters earlier in the evening.
The reported rise in radioactivity added to concerns that efforts to keep nuclear fuel at the Fukushima Daiichi facility from overheating and sustaining further damage, which increases the risk of greater radiation leaks, may suffer further delays.
Previous spikes in radiation levels, both airborne and in water collecting at the site, have repeatedly forced stoppage of scheduled work. Three workers were injured several days ago at the No. 3 reactor after coming into contact with a pool of water that had a reading of 750 millisievert per hour, suggesting the health risks to workers are now even more dire.
Highlighting the inability of authorities so far to confidently pinpoint the source of the leaks, a key step to stanching them, the government's chief spokesperson said Sunday morning that he wasn't sure where the water was coming from.
Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano, speaking on national broadcaster NHK Sunday, said only that "we will analyze where the highly radioactive water is coming from."
The lack of unity in the message from authorities, with Mr. Nishiyama speculating that the water is likely from the reactor core while Prime Minister Naoto Kan's spokesman declined to go that far, may also add to concern over the government's response nearly two weeks after Mr. Kan appointed himself chief of a crisis team.
Authorities said they were attempting to pump the radioactive water to the condenser units that allow steam from the reactor to cool down so that workers could continue their efforts to lay power cables and perform checks in order to bring the plant's systems back on line.
In a sign of the broadening scale of contamination in the vicinity of the plant, seawater collected Saturday afternoon near the plant contained concentrations of radioactive iodine-131 at 1,850 times Japan's legal limit, up from concentrations 1,250 times the limit in water collected the day before, the government said Sunday.
Mr. Nishiyama said authorities plan to switch from fire trucks to electric pumps to inject water into the cores of reactors Nos. 1-3. It wasn't immediately clear if this work, which could bring more sustainability to the crucial task of cooling the nuclear fuel, could proceed if radiation levels were highly elevated.
Meanwhile, Mr. Nishiyama said work is continuing to drain a highly radioactive pool of water in the turbine building of the No. 1 reactor. He also said that starting Monday authorities intend to start using fresh water, instead of the seawater used so far, to douse the spent fuel pool in the No. 4 reactor. The same switch is scheduled to be made at the No. 1 reactor starting Tuesday, Mr. Nishiyama said.
Switching to fresh water from seawater, which has been used for many days, in the cooling process is necessary to stem some problems in the rescue effort. Seawater cooling often worsens water circulation of the cooling pump because of accumulation of crystallized salt.
TOKYO—Fear about radiation dangers posed by Japan's nuclear crisis spiked as the U.S. instructed its troops and citizens to stay at least 50 miles away from the crippled reactors—establishing a "no-go" zone far wider than the buffer recommended by the Japanese government itself. And in a vivid sign that Japan's leadership is trying to move decisively to take control of the deepening crisis, the nation's military force dispatched two helicopters Thursday morning local time to dump water over the crippled Fukushima Daiichi power complex in hopes of taming its dangerously overheating nuclear facilities. The effort targeted a pool of spent nuclear fuel at reactor No. 3. Defense Minister Toshimi Kitazawa said the water would help cool the spent fuel, lessening the risk of a catastrophic fire, if the water hit its target.
Mr. Kitazawa also said 11 water-cannon trucks were to be deployed at the plant Thursday afternoon in a further effort to cool the overheating waste.
Japan's nuclear regulator also announced that it was working to connect outside power cables to two of the units at the stricken plant, in hopes of restarting their cooling pumps. They hoped to have the cables available by Thursday afternoon.
Restarting the pumps would mark a major advance in the effort to prevent the nuclear disaster from worsening.
Japan's widening government involvement came as international skepticism built up. Late Wednesday, the U.S. State Department authorized the voluntary evacuation of dependents of U.S.-government personnel based in northeast Japan. The State Department also added that U.S. citizens in Japan consider departing, and reiterated its caution that citizens defer travel to the country at this time.
Earlier in the day, the top U.S. nuclear regulator, Gregory Jaczko, called radiation levels at one of the plant's units "extremely high," adding that, "for a comparable situation in the United States we would recommend an evacuation for a much larger radius than is currently being provided in Japan."
Previously the U.S. had agreed with Japanese officials that a 12-mile evacuation zone was adequate. The change came after the NRC ran computer-modeling exercises using "the best available information we have" about the damaged reactors along with accumulated knowledge about how systems inside nuclear plants perform under "severe accident conditions," a spokesman with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission said.
Asked why the U.S. set a broader "no-go" zone than did Japan, government spokesmen Yukio Edano said in a press conference that it was understandable to make a more "conservative decision" when trying to ensure the safety of citizens abroad, in a country where it doesn't exert direct control. He reiterated that Japan's government feels it is taking appropriate measures.
Also on Wednesday, the U.K. government advised its citizens in the city of Tokyo, a full 150 miles from the nuclear site, to "consider leaving the area" due to increasing infrastructure problems. The European Union's energy chief, Guenther Oettinger, also declared the Fukushima Daiichi site "effectively out of control." A spokeswoman for Mr. Oettinger later said the commissioner's remarks reflected his own personal views, and weren't based on privileged information.
Stock markets staged large swings, reflecting the depth of anxiety world-wide. "Every investment decision is made through the prism of what is going on in Japan," said Phil Orlando, chief equity strategist at Federated Investors. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed 2% lower at 11613. Thursday morning, Tokyo shares slid 2.1%.
Late Wednesday, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said it was deploying additional radiation monitors out of "an abundance of caution." The EPA already monitors the air for radiation via a national network of approximately 140 stationary and mobile devices. The agency said it sent additional monitors to Alaska and plans to send some to Hawaii.
Officials with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Energy Department say they don't expect harmful radiation levels to reach the U.S.
As part of the government effort to take on a larger role in the crisis management, on Wednesday plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co., or Tepco, said 20 government officials had moved into the company's offices as part of a joint crisis headquarters.
The government's use of helicopters to dump water on the site was ordered by Economics Minister Banri Kaieda. "The minister considered the situation to be dangerous and judged there was an imminent necessity to issue the order," said a spokesman for the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, which is part of Mr. Kaieda's purview. "After learning that Tepco was not injecting cooling water, he judged it to be very dangerous."
Two helicopters made two trips each, scooping up tons of seawater in a massive bucket and then trying to dump it into a pool used to store waste-fuel at reactor No. 3. An earlier explosion had blown the roof off of the building, exposing the storage pool and making the helicopter mission possible.
Because of radiation risk, the helicopters had to maintain considerable altitude. A government official said it wasn't yet clear whether the water hit its target.
The race to build an emergency power supply for the crippled plant, combined with details from the early moments of the crisis, highlight new questions about the design and safety record of the facility, which is Japan's oldest.
Common to all nuclear plants is this fundamental design problem: Engineers try to make the equipment impervious to one threat, but that may make it vulnerable to another.
In this case, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear complex's back-up diesel-powered generators were built below ground level. This bunker-like positioning would protect the generators from an air strike, cyclone or typhoon—but made them more vulnerable to an earthquake-driven tsunami.
When last week's giant waves struck, they immobilized the generators despite being designed to protect against water. The tsunami also apparently washed away the generators' fuel tanks, which were above ground.
"The earthquake and tsunami we had last week both exceeded our engineering assumptions by a long shot," said Tetsuo Ito, head of Kinki University's Atomic Energy Research Institute, near Osaka. "The nuclear industry around the world probably will have to review how we set those assumptions in designing a nuclear power plant."
Another area of scrutiny is the proximity of the plant's six reactors to one another. Damage to one reactor contributed to damage to another, and their proximity hindered a recovery.
This arrangement can be found at other plants, because it can make it easier to move equipment around and helps to keep a smaller work force, said Mr. Ito. But now it looks like a "bad idea," he said. "We need to strike a better balance of operational efficiency and safety."
Terry Pickens, director of nuclear regulatory policy at Xcel Energy Inc. of the U.S., said there is no cookie-cutter reactor of the vintage of the Fukushima units because utilities in those days hired their own engineering firms and architects, and customized the plants' designs. At Xcel's Monticello plant in Minnesota, diesel generators are kept as far apart as possible so that "a natural phenomenon isn't likely to take both of them out," Mr. Pickens said.
The Japanese plant lost power during Friday's earthquake. The three active reactors shut off automatically as designed, but a lack of electricity left workers unable to operate their cooling systems, leading to overheating. Tepco says the tsunami paralyzed all but one backup generator.
In a weekend briefing, Tepco Managing Director Akio Komori cited the elevation of the backup generators as one potential issue. A Tepco spokesman confirmed the remarks, adding that a full probe will have to wait while workers try to bring the reactors under control.
A spokesman for Japan's Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, the nation's nuclear-power regulator, said Fukushima Daiichi's emergency-generator design is "fairly prevalent" at other Japanese plants. The spokesman, Shigekatsu Ohmukai, disputed that the elevation of the generators was a problem. The agency, he said, had concluded that the plant could withstand a certain size of tsunami but "obviously the tsunami caused by Friday's earthquake exceeded our assumptions. That's the problem."
Tepco tested the Fukushima Daiichi plant to withstand an earthquake magnitude of 7.9—a level of seismic activity the power company thought wouldn't be surpassed in the area, according to company documents on its website from 2010. The quake that struck Friday, however, was about 10 times as big as that theoretical maximum.
In the U.S., where there are 23 similar reactors operated by 11 different companies, backup generators typically are housed in bunker-like buildings at ground level. They are designed with watertight fittings that are intended to keep out water from floods or hurricanes.
General Electric Co. designed three of the six reactors for Tepco at the Daiichi complex but it didn't determine the layout of every piece of equipment, a company spokesman said. Some of that was done by architects and engineers hired by Tepco. He added that the main problem was the larger-then-expected tsunami, not the generator placement.
The Daiichi plant was central to a falsified-records scandal a decade ago that led Tepco to briefly shut down all its plants and led to the departure of a number of senior executives. Nuclear experts say that led to a number of disclosures of previously unreported problems at the plant.
