Social network overuse 'breeds narcissism'

According to new psychological research, teens who spend too much time on social networks like Facebook, are more likely to show narcissistic tendencies and display signs of other behavioural problems.

The findings of the research were presented by Larry D. Rosen, professor of psychology at California State University, at the 19th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. In a talk entitled ‘Poke Me: How Social Networks Can Both Help and Harm Our Kids’, Rosen explained the potential psychological risks for teens who spend too long on social networking services.

"While nobody can deny that Facebook has altered the landscape of social interaction, particularly among young people, we are just now starting to see solid psychological research demonstrating both the positives and the negatives,” he said.

Rosen said the negative effects of teenagers overusing social media include making them more prone to vain, aggressive and anti social behaviour.

Scientists have found pre-teens and teens who overuse social sites and technology on a daily basis are also more likely to be prone to bouts of anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders.

Excessive use of sites like Facebook can also lead to poorer academic performance. Teenagers who checked social networks at least once during a 15 minute study period, achieved lower grades, scientists found.

However, Rosen’s study also found that social networking had some positive effects . Sites like Facebook can help shy young adults socialise and come out of their shell. And the services can be used effectively for interactive learning and helping teenagers empathise with each other.

Science Daily, an online science journal, said that Rosen encouraged parents to assess their children’s activities on social networks and discuss with them any decisions to remove inappropriate content – rather than going behind their back.

Mark Zuckerberg: children should be allowed to use Facebook

The under-13s should be allowed to use Facebook, the social network’s founder and chief executive Mark Zuckerberg has said. Speaking at a summit on innovation in schools and teaching in Newark, New Jersey, Mr Zuckerberg said that the current age limit would be challenged “at some point”. Claire Perry, Conservative MP for Devizes, who has campaigned for online safety, said that ““I would be very uncomfortable about extending this and I think it’s very, very irresponsible of Facebook to be suggesting it.”

“With close parental supervision all of these social networking sites can be interesting and enjoyable. But I know from my own experience it is all too easy for a young child to get involved in situations that I think are really uncomfortable,” she said. Facebook’s usual 13-and over age limit elsewhere is dictated by the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), which became Federal Law in America in 1998. Current UK legislation does not, however, preclude Facebook from being used by under-13s but the site’s own terms and conditions do. The US is currently reviewing its COPPA legislation. In Spain, only those children 14-and-over are permitted to use Facebook because of national legislation. Mr Zuckerberg claimed that the educational benefits of using Facebook were so great that children should be allowed to use the site. The site currently closes the accounts of 20,000 underage users per day. "My philosophy is that for education you need to start at a really, really young age,” Mr Zuckerberg said. “Because of the [legal] restrictions we haven't even begun this learning process. If they're lifted then we'd start to learn what works." Facebook has been criticised in the past for failing to police its own policies that prevent children from using the site, and by a range of government agencies for failing to prevent paedophiles from using the site under an alias to groom children. The NSPCC emphasised the need for media literacy and online education. Claire Lilly, the charity’s sexual abuse policy advisor, said that “There have been great benefits brought by the internet but there online bullying is particularly prevalent on social networks. The Information Commissioner has said it is about the age of 12 when a child can understand the risks of handing over personal data and we would agree with that. We would like to see safety tools as prominent as possible, and social networks should be proactively trying to identify individuals who pose a risk, not just reacting to reports from children.” The Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre revealed last year that complaints about grooming and bullying on Facebook had quadrupled in the preceding twelve months. Increased bullying, too, has caused Facebook to introduce a series of improved privacy controls, as well as increasing its programme of talking to teachers. America's Consumer Reports, however, claims that 7.5 million of Facebook's 600 million users are under 13 anyway. Facebook said a large proportion of under-age accounts were either set up by parents for children, or with parents’ knowledge. A spokesman for Facebook said that “Facebook is currently designed for two age groups, 13-18 year olds and 18 and up. We provide extensive safety and privacy controls based on the age provided. However, recent reports have highlighted just how difficult it is to implement age restrictions on the Internet and that there is no single solution to ensuring younger children don’t circumvent a system or lie about their age. We agree with safety experts that communication between parents or guardians and kids about their use of the Internet is vital.”